Removal of chromium VI and others metals from wastewater treatment by modification of macrophytes and magnetite: A review

Márcio da Costa Nogueira , Edson Rodrigo Fernandes dos Santos , Kaushik Pal e Fernando Gomes de Souza Júnior

Abstract
One of the problems that affect the environment is the chemical pollution of the nature of the water, mainly by the presence of toxic metals, among them the chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, among others. Numerous studies report the application of biosorption with the use of Eichhornia crassipes for the treatment of effluents from diverse origins, with very satisfactory results. However, several factors influence biosorption, such as pH, temperature, and contact time, and, therefore, cannot be neglected. Submerged macrophytes have important prospective to bioconcentrate heavy metals due to their larger surface area compared to non-submerged plants. On the other hand, the magnetite nanoparticles also present good results for the treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated by chromium and by other metal ions. The adsorption capacity of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is high for various metal cations. Besides, these nanoparticles, which constitute polymer nanocomposites, are of particular interest because they combine excellent magnetic properties, greater stability of magnetic nanoparticles, and have higher biocompatibility, allowing more excellent suitability with biological materials involved in the removal of metallic cations. Therefore, the treatments described in this study are of great relevance as excellent alternatives in the treatment of several types of effluents.

Keywords
Eichhornia crassipes; Chromium; Toxic metals; Adsorption; Nanocomposites.

Resumo
Remoção de cromo hexavalente e de outros metais presentes em efluentes por tratamentos com macrófitas modificadas e magnetita: uma revisão. Um dos problemas que afetam o meio ambiente é a poluição química da água, principalmente pela presença de metais tóxicos, entre eles o cromo, cobre, níquel, zinco, entre outros. Inúmeros estudos relatam a aplicação da biosorção com o uso de Eichhornia crassipes para o tratamento de efluentes de diversas origens, com resultados muito satisfatórios. No entanto, vários fatores influenciam a biosorção, como pH, temperatura e tempo de contato, e, portanto, não podem ser negligenciados. As macrófitas submersas têm uma perspectiva importante para bioconcentrar metais pesados devido à sua maior área de superfície em comparação com plantas não submersas. Por outro lado, as nanopartículas magnetitas também apresentam bons resultados para o tratamento de soluções aquosas contaminadas por cromo e por outros íons metálicos. A capacidade de adsorção das nanopartículas Fe₃O₄ é alta para vários cátions metálicos. Além disso, essas nanopartículas, que constituem nanocompósitos de polímeros, despertam um grande interesse porque combinam excelentes propriedades magnéticas, maior estabilidade das partículas magnéticas, e possuem uma maior biocompatibilidade, permitindo uma maior adequação com materiais biológicos envolvidos na remoção de cátions metálicos. Sendo assim, os tratamentos descritos neste trabalho são de grande relevância como excelentes alternativas no tratamento de diversos tipos de efluentes.

Palavras-chave
Eichhornia crassipes; Cromo; Metais tóxicos; Adsorção; Nanocompósitos.

DOI
10.21438/rbgas(2020)071725

Texto completo
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