Avaliação ambiental da produção de ferro gusa: revisão sistemática da literatura, bibliometria e patentes

Adriano Souza Leão , Arilma do Carmo Tavares , Henrique Leonardo Maranduba e Edna dos Santos Almeida

Resumo
A siderurgia de ferro e aço tem sofrido pressões e transformações determinantes nos últimos anos em função dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo setor. O ferro gusa, principal matéria-prima do aço, é produzido majoritariamente por meio de alto-fornos, uma tecnologia intensiva em consumo de energia, de recursos primários e, também, em emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Ao passo que o setor se vê pressionado com a escassez de matérias-primas e as repercussões da mudança climática, rotas tecnológicas em processo de desenvolvimento têm indicado uma potencial melhoria no desempenho ambiental do ciclo de vida do ferro gusa. A Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é um método que visa a estimar os impactos ambientais de produtos, serviços e processos, considerando desde a cadeia de suprimentos até a obtenção do produto final, bem como uso, e descarte final. Neste estudo, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, análise bibliométrica e de patentes com o objetivo de levantar evidências e investigar as lacunas acerca dos aspectos ambientais da produção de ferro gusa, dos impactos do seu ciclo de vida e das reivindicações de inovação na siderurgia associadas às tecnologias "verdes". Verificou-se uma tendência de crescimento tanto em contribuições científicas quanto em registros de patente na última década, acentuada a partir de 2013. Os tópicos em destaque na discussão acadêmica abrangem desde inventários de fluxos no início da década, até o desempenho ambiental do processo produtivo, nos estudos mais recentes. O domínio tecnológico esteve focado na viabilização do reaproveitamento de resíduos, desenvolvimento de materiais alternativos e otimização de processo. Geograficamente, os países asiáticos, sobretudo a China, destacaram-se com a maior quantidade de contribuições acadêmicas e tecnológicas, embora países da Europa, das Américas e a Austrália também tenham se mobilizado ativamente. A convergência observada nesses resultados evidenciou a ocorrência de fenômenos análogos em diferentes perspectivas de produção de conhecimento: academia e indústria. Por fim, o tema revela ainda possuir potencial de aprofundamento, especialmente com respeito aos fornos em desenvolvimento.

Palavras-chave
Pensamento do Ciclo de Vida (PCV); Ecologia Industrial; Tecnologia emergente; Pegada de carbono; Eficiência energética.

Abstract
Environmental assessment of pig iron production: Systematic review of literature, bibliometrics and patents. The iron and steel industry has undergone significant pressures and transformations in recent years due to the environmental impacts caused by the sector. Pig iron, the main raw material of steel, is predominantly produced by blast furnaces, a technology that is intensive in energy use, primary resource consumption as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. While the sector is pressured by the scarcity of raw materials and the repercussions of climate change, technological routes in development process have pointed to a potential for a better environmental performance of the pig iron life cycle. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method that aims to estimate the environmental impacts of products, services and processes, considering from the supply chain to the final product, as well as use, and final disposal. In this study, a systematic review of literature, bibliometric and patent analysis were conducted to collect evidence and investigate the gaps concerning the environmental aspects of pig iron production, the impacts of its life cycle and the claims of innovation in the steel industry associated with "green" technologies. There has been an upward trend in both scientific contributions and patent registrations over the past decade, intensified since 2013. The topics highlighted in the academic discussion range from flow inventories at the beginning of the decade to the environmental performance of the manufacture process, in the most recent studies. The technological domain was focused on the viability of waste reuse, development of alternative materials and process optimization. Geographically, Asian countries, especially China, stood out with the highest number of academic and technological contributions, although countries in Europe, the Americas and Australia also have actively mobilized. The convergence observed in these results showed the occurrence of similar phenomena in different perspectives of knowledge production: academia and industry. Finally, the theme reveals still potential for further development, especially with regard to developing furnaces.

Keywords
Life Cycle Thinking (LCT); Industrial Ecology; Emerging technology; Carbon footprint; Energy efficiency.

DOI
10.21438/rbgas(2020)071629

Texto completo
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