How pestiferous are maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and rust-red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) against dried okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvales: Malvaceae) fruit?

Oladele A. Olaniran , Samuel A. Babarinde , Fatai O. Alao , Adetayo D. Adeleye
Afeez Ige , Johnson A. Okunlola

Abstract
Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvales: Malvaceae) is a major fruit vegetable consumed in either fresh or dried form in Africa. As part of our efforts to identify the pestiferous species attacking dried fruits, a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the damage potentials of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) against dried okra. Three levels of infestations (5, 10 and 20 adults of each insect) on dried okra and okra without insect infestation, which served as control were kept under ambient conditions. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design and replicated thrice. Data were collected on percentage insect mortality, okra weight loss and proximate composition. Percentage mortality increased with storage duration, while weight loss was significantly affected by insect infestation levels and ranged from 0.04%-0.18%, 0.07%-0.21%, 0.08%-0.22%, 0.07%-022%, 0.11%-0.22% and 0.12%-0.23% for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after infestation, respectively. Crude fibre significantly increased with insect infestation (13.98%-14.62% for the infested okra compared with 9.12%-13.63% in the control), while other proximate components were not significantly affected. The results show that the two species pose no serious threat to intact dried okra, in the short term, but long term multiple generation infestation of dried okra by the insects may cause greater damage.

Keywords
Dried okra fruit; Stored product pests; Weight loss; Proximate composition; Mortality.

Resumo
Quão danosos são o gorgojo-do-milho Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e o besouro castanho Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) contra o fruto do quiabo Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvales: Malvaceae) seco? O quiabo Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvales: Malvaceae) é um dos principais vegetais consumidos em forma fresca ou seca na África. Como parte de nossos esforços para identificar as espécies que atacam frutos secos, um experimento de laboratório foi conduzido para investigar os potenciais danos de Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) contra o quiabo seco. Três níveis de infestações (5, 10 e 20 adultos de cada inseto) em quiabo seco e quiabo sem infestação de insetos, que serviram de controle, foram mantidos em condições ambientais. O experimento foi apresentado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e repetido três vezes. Os dados foram coletados sobre porcentagem de mortalidade por insetos, perda de peso do quiabo e composição centesimal. A mortalidade percentual aumentou com a duração do armazenamento, enquanto a perda de peso foi significativamente afetada pelos níveis de infestação de insetos e variou de 0,04%-0,18%, 0,07%-0,21%, 0,08%-0,22%, 0,07%-022%, 0,11%-0,22% e 0,12%-0,23% para 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 semanas após a infestação, respectivamente. A fibra bruta aumentou significativamente com a infestação de insetos (13,98%-14,62% para o quiabo infestado, em comparaçõo com 9,12%-13,63% no controle), enquanto outros componentes centesimais não foram significativamente afetados. Os resultados mostram que as duas espécies não representam uma séria ameaça para o quiabo seco intacto, em curto prazo, mas a infestação por longo prazo de gerações múltiplas de quiabo seco pelos insetos pode causar maiores danos.

Palavras-chave
Quiabo; Peste de produtos estocados; Perda de peso; Composição centesimal; Mortalidade.

DOI
10.21438/rbgas.050917

Texto completo
PDF

References
Adetuyi, F. O.; Osagie, A. U.; Adekunle, A. T. Efect of postharvest storage techniques on the nutritional properties of Benin indigenous okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, v. 7, no. 5, p. 652-657, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.652.657

Akanbi, W. B.; Toogun, A. O.; Adeniran, J. A.; Ilupeju, E. A. O. Growth, dry matter and fruit yield components of okra under organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. America-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-13, 2010. Available from: <http://www.aensiweb.net/AENSIWEB/aejsa/aejsa/2010/1-13.pdf>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Akande, M. O.; Oluwatoyinbo, F. I.; Makinde, E. A.; Adepoju, A. S.; Adepoju, I. S. Response of okra to organic and inorganic fertilization. Nature Science, v. 8, no. 11, p. 261-266, 2010. <http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/ns0811/33_3782ns0811_261_266.pdf>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Akinyele, B. O.; Temikotan, T. Effect of variation in soil tecture on the vegetative and pod characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). International Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 2, p. 165-169, 2007. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2007.165.169

AOAC - AOAC International. Official methods of analysis. 17. ed. Washington: AOAC International, 2003.

Babarinde, S. A.; Adebayo, T. A.; Pitan, O. O. R.; Folorunsho, J. T. Host influence on population growth and damage by cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius) in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Crop Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 268-272, 2008a.

Babarinde, S. A.; Sosina, A.; Oyeyiola, E. I. Susceptibility of the selected crops in storage to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Plant Protection Research, v. 48, no. 4, p. 541-550, 2008b. https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0003-z

Babarinde, S. A.; Babarinde, G. O.; Olasesan, O. A. First report of infestation of stored plantain chips by Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in Southwestern Nigeria. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, v. 4, special issue 2, p. 35-38, 2010a.

Babarinde, S. A.; Babarinde, G. O.; Olasesan, O. A. Physical and biophysical deterioration of stored plantain chips (Musa sapientum L.) due to infestation of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research, v. 50, no. 3, p. 302-306, 2010b. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0052-y

Babarinde, G. O.; Babarinde, S. A.; Ogunsola, S. O. Effect of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) infestation on the quality of three commercial pastas. Food Science and Quality Management, v. 21, p. 1-11, 2013a. Available from: <http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/FSQM/article/view/8817/8865>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Babarinde, S. A.; Babarinde, G. O.; Odewole, A. F.; Alagbe, O. O. Effect of the prevalent insect species of yam chips on consumers' acceptability of yam paste. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, v. 43 no. 6, p. 97-101, 2013b. https://doi.org/10.2478/ats-2013-0017

Danjumma, B. J.; Majeed, Q.; Abubakar, U.; Ibrahim, N. D. Effect of pre-treatment with plant powders on the nutrient composition of maize grain Zea mays infested by weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, v. 17, no. 2, p. 211-217, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v17i2.49898

Ekoja, E. E.; Pitan, O. O. R.; Atayese, M. O. Physiological response of okra to flea beetle herbivory as measured by leaf loss, chlorophyll disruption, and dry matter yield. International Journal of Vegetable Science, v. 18, no. 2, p. 171-181, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2011.598224

Farinde, A. J.; Owolarafe, O. K.; Ogungbemi, O. I. An overview of production, processing and marketing and utilization of okra in Egbedore Local Givernment Area of Osun, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 9, p. 1 12, 2007. Available from: <http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/viewFile/959/1119>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Lamont Jr., W. J. Okra: a versatile vegetable crop. Horticultural Technology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 179-184, 1997. Available from: <http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/9/2/179.full.pdf>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Odeyemi, O. O.; Oyedare, B. M.; Ashamo, M. O. Resistance of seven biscuit types to infestation by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Zoological Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 300-304, 2005. Available from: <>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Owolarafe, O. K.; Shotonde, H. O. Some physical properties of fresh okra fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 63, p. 299-302, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2003.08.002

Padin, S.; Bello, G. D.; Fabrizio, M. Grain loss caused by Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored durum wheat and bean treated with Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Stored Product Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 69-74, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00046-1

Pungitore, C. R.; García, M.; Gianello, J. C.; Tonn, C. E.; Sosa, M. E. Lethal and sublethal effects of triterpenes from Junellia aspera (Verbenaceae) on the grain storage insect Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, v. 64, no. 1/2, p. 45-51, 2005. Available from: <http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/rsea/v64n1-2/v64n1-2a10.pdf>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Trematerra, P. Preference of Sitophilus zeamais to different types of Italian commercial rice and cereal pasta. Bulletin of Insectology, v. 62, no. 1, p. 103-106, 2009. Available from: <http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol62-2009-103-106trematerra.pdf>. Accessed on: Oct. 31, 2017.

Tremattera, P.; Savoldelli, S. Pasta preference and ability to penetrate through packaging of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Journal of Stored Product Research, v. 59, p. 126-132, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.06.008


 

ISSN 2359-1412