A systematic review on feasibility aspects of hybrid energy systems

Laura Dardot Campello , Maria Cláudia Costa de Oliveira Botan , Adriele Maria de Cássia Crispim , Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho , Regina Mambeli Barros e Ivan Felipe Silva dos Santos

Abstract
The search for more sustainable ways of generating energy has driven the use of renewable energies sources (RESs) around the World. However, it is known that some RESs have great intermittency, such as solar photovoltaic systems. In order to minimize this disadvantage, the implantation of hybrid energy systems (HESs), those that use more than one energy source, can be an important alternative. In this regard, this study carried out a systematic review of the literature to obtain an overview of the most recent publications related to the feasibility of HESs. As a result, the main topics discussed in 68 papers were summarized. Among the main observations, it can be pointed out that solar energy is the energy source most present in the studies, and solar + wind is the most used combination in HESs. The research also revealed that energy storage systems play an important role in HESs, especially in off-grid systems, which are the most reported in recent studies. Hydrogen to power technology appears as the most promising storage technology indicated in the papers, although batteries are the most common. In terms of economic analysis, net present value (NPV) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) are the most used indicators. On the other hand,the low application of indicators related to environmental aspects like life cycle cost (LCC) and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO_2eq) in HESs feasibility studies indicated a literature gap, even though the carbon market is an important tool to reach the decarbonization global goals.

Keywords
Hybrid energy systems; Renewable energies; Associated sources.

Resumo
Revisão sistemática sobre os aspectos de viabilidade de sistemas de energia híbridos. A busca por formas mais sustentáveis de geração de energia tem impulsionado o uso de fontes renováveis de energia (FNEs) em todo o Mundo. Porém, sabe-se que algumas FERs apresentam grande intermitência, como é o caso dos sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. Para minimizar esta desvantagem, a implantação de sistemas híbridos de energia (SHEs), aqueles que utilizam mais de uma fonte de energia, pode ser uma importante alternativa. Nesse sentido, este estudo realizou uma revisão sistemática da literatura para obter uma visão geral das publicações mais recentes relacionadas à viabilidade de SHEs. Como resultado, foram resumidos os principais tópicos discutidos em 68 artigos. Dentre as principais observações, pode-se apontar que a energia solar é a fonte de energia mais presente nos estudos, e solar + eólica é a combinação mais utilizada em ETEs. A pesquisa também revelou que os sistemas de armazenamento de energia desempenham um papel importante nos SESs, principalmente nos sistemas off-grid, que são os mais relatados nos estudos recentes. A tecnologia de hidrogênio para energia aparece como a tecnologia de armazenamento mais promissora indicada nos artigos, embora as baterias sejam as mais comuns. Em termos de análise econômica, o valor presente líquido (VPL) e o custo nivelado da energia (LCOE) são os indicadores mais utilizados. Por outro lado, a baixa aplicação de indicadores relacionados a aspectos ambientais como custo do ciclo de vida (CCV) e dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO_2eq) em estudos de viabilidade de SHEs indicou uma lacuna na literatura, ainda que o mercado de carbono seja uma ferramenta importante para alcançar a descarbonização metas globais.

Palavras-chave
Sistemas híbridos de energia; Energias renováveis; Fontes associadas.

DOI
10.21438/rbgas(2023)102524

Full text
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