Agricultural reuse on soil fertility at different times of year in semiarid region, Brazil

Francisco de Oliveira Mesquita , Erika Socorro Alves Graciano de Vasconcelos , Rodrigo Santana de Macedo , Letícia Moro , Raimundo Nonato de Araújo Neto , Elder Cunha de Lira , Alexandre Pereira Bakker e Jocilene Silva Araújo

Abstract
The utilization of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation has become increasingly prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions in recent years. This study aimed to assess the seasonal impact of TWW irrigation on soil physical and chemical characteristics. Over a two-year period, an experiment was carried out in a research unit that employed intercropping of forage cactus species with wood and forage legumes using TWW irrigation. Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers during three periods, T0 (no TWW), T1 (dry season + TWW), and T2 (wet season + TWW). The soil attributes evaluated included particle size, bulk density, pH, salinity, sodicity, exchangeable cations, nitrogen (N), organic matter, soil organic carbon, and carbon stock. Irrigation reduced sodicity in naturally sodic soils by increasing exchangeable Ca²⁺. Reductions in K⁺ and Mg²⁺ levels after irrigation indicated losses due to leaching and/or absorption by crops. The strong correlation between Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ with the silt fraction and salinity confirmed the role of primary minerals and precipitation reactions in the availability of these elements. TWW significantly increased soil organic matter levels, leading to a consequent increase in nutrient adsorption capacity. The increase in carbon stock and N availability suggested that the use of TWW could reduce CO₂ emissions and serve as an alternative nitrogen fertilization strategy. Overall, TWW irrigation is a suitable alternative that can enhance the resilience and food security of family farmers in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

Keywords
Wastewater reuse; Irrigation; Soil sodicity; Soil carbon stock.

Resumo
Reuso agr cola do solo f rtil em diferentes pocas do ano na regi o semi- rida, Brasil. A utiliza o de guas residuais tratadas (ART) para irriga o tornou-se cada vez mais prevalente em regi es ridas e semi ridas nos ltimos anos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto sazonal da irriga o por ART nas caracter sticas f sicas e qu micas do solo. Durante um per odo de dois anos, foi realizado um experimento em uma unidade de pesquisa que empregava cons rcio de esp cies de palma forrageira com madeira e leguminosas forrageiras, utilizando irriga o ART. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm durante tr s per odos, T0 (sem ART), T1 (esta o seca + ART) e T2 (esta o chuvosa + ART). Os atributos do solo avaliados inclu ram tamanho de part cula, densidade do solo, pH, salinidade, sodicidade, c tions troc veis, nitrog nio (N), mat ria org nica, carbono org nico do solo e estoque de carbono. A irriga o reduziu a sodicidade em solos naturalmente s dicos, aumentando o Ca⁺² troc vel. Redu es nos n veis de K⁺ e Mg⁺² ap s irriga o indicaram perdas por lixivia o e/ou absor o pelas culturas. A forte correla o entre Na⁺, K⁺ e Mg⁺² com a fra o silte e salinidade confirmou o papel dos minerais prim rios e das rea es de precipita o na disponibilidade desses elementos. As ART aumentarm significativamente os n veis de mat ria org nica do solo, levando a um consequente aumento na capacidade de adsor o de nutrientes. O aumento no estoque de carbono e na disponibilidade de N sugeriu que o uso de ART poderia reduzir as emiss es de CO₂ e servir como uma estrat gia alternativa de fertiliza o com nitrog nio. No geral, a irriga o por TWW uma alternativa adequada que pode aumentar a resili ncia e a seguran a alimentar dos agricultores familiares na regi o semi rida brasileira.

Palavras-chave
Reutiliza o de guas residuais; Irriga o; Sodicidade do solo; Estoque de carbono do solo.

DOI
10.21438/rbgas(2023)102520

Full text
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