Vol. 11, No 27, p. 277-304 - 30 abr. 2024
Fitorremediação em águas residuárias em estação de tratamento de esgoto e o aproveitamento de macrófita aquática para produção de biogás
Sergio Costa de Mello
,
Maria Cristina Crispim ,
Flávia Martins Franco de Oliveira ,
Glória Cristina Cornélio do Nascimento ,
Danielle Machado Vieira e
Randolpho Sávio de Araújo Marinho Resumo
As estações de tratamento de esgoto que usam o sistema australiano não removem eficazmente os nutrientes do efluente em tratamento. Isso permite que os corpos hídricos receptores destes equipamentos recebam altas cargas tróficas, tornando-se eutrofizados, com a biodiversidade ameaçada e trazendo riscos para a saúde da população que necessite fazer uso destes recursos hídricos. O presente trabalho avaliou o potencial das macrófitas aquáticas na depleção de nutrientes presentes no esgoto em tratamento. A fitorremediação foi testada em mesocosmo, usando o aguapé (Eichornnia crassipes), a alface d'água (Pistia stratiotes), a lombrigueira (Ludwigia helminthorrhiza) e a samambaia d'água (Salvinia auriculata). Cada espécie (em quadruplicata) e o grupo Controle (apenas o efluente) foram depositados em 82 litros do esgoto retirado da lagoa facultativa da ETE Mangabeira em João Pessoa, Paraíba. As variáveis amônia, nitrato, nitrito, ortofosfato, fósforo total, pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e clorofila-a foram analisadas. A samambaia d'água não sobreviveu, portanto seu potencial fitorremediador não pode ser investigado, mas já revelando que esta espécie não pode ser usada como fitorremediadora em ambientes muito eutrofizados. Os resultados foram: todos os tratamentos contribuíram com a remoção de amônia em mais de 80%; todos removeram também nitrato e ortofosfato, enquanto o nitrito foi removido em 100% dos tratamentos no último dia, incluindo no controle; o aguapé e o controle contribuíram para a remoção de fósforo total, enquanto que a lombrigueira e a alface d'água liberaram; o tratamento com aguapé foi o único a manter o pH próximo da neutralidade, os demais apresentaram elevada alcalinidade; o oxigênio dissolvido foi superior a 6 mg.L-1, enquanto a clorofila-a foi parcialmente removida em todos os tratamentos com as macrófitas. Os resultados obtidos com o experimento de fitorremediação permitiram selecionar o aguapé, como a espécie mais eficiente neste processo e por isso foi escolhida para uso na geração de biogás. Os resultados mostraram que o beneficiamento desta planta tem alto potencial para a produção de biocombustível renovável. Foram obtidos 659,28 L de biogás purificado, em 30 dias, a partir da digestão anaeróbia de 32,04 kg de biomassa de aguapé.
Palavras-chave
Macrófitas; Fitorremediação; Nutrientes; Esgoto; Biogás.
Abstract
Phytoremediation in wastewater in a sewage treatment plant - WWTP and the use of aquatic macrophyte for the production of biogas. Sewage treatment plants using the Australian system do not effectively remove the nutrients from the effluent under treatment. This allows the water bodies that receive these equipment to receive high trophic loads, becoming eutrophic, with biodiversity threatened and bringing health risks to the population that needs to make use of these water resources. The present work evaluated the potential of aquatic macrophytes in the depletion of nutrients present in the sewage under treatment. The phytoremediation was tested in mesocosm using the water hyacinth (Eichornnia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), worm-shaped root (Ludwigia helminthorrhiza), and giant salvinia (Salvinia auriculata). Each species (in quadruplicate) and control group (effluent only) were deposited in 82 liters of the sewage contained in the facultative pond of WWTP Mangabeira in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. The variables ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a were analyzed. The giant salvinia has not survived, so its potential phytoremediation cannot be investigated. The results were: all the treatments contributed with the removal of ammonia in more than 80%; all deposited nitrate and orthophosphate while the nitrite was removed in 100% of the treatments; the water hyacinth and the Control contributed to the removal of total phosphorus, whereas the worm-shaped root and the water lettuce released; the treatment with water hyacinth was the only one to keep the pH close to neutrality, the others presented high alkalinity; dissolved oxygen was greater than 6 mg.L-1, while chlorophyll-a was removed in more than 49% of treatments. The results obtained with the phytoremediation experiment allowed the selection of the water hyacinth for use in the generation of biogas, showing that the beneficiation of this plant has high potential for the production of renewable biofuel. Thus, 659.28 L of purified biogas was obtained in 30 days from the anaerobic digestion of 32.04 kg of water hyacinth biomass.
Keywords
Macrophytes; Phytoremediation; Nutrients; Sewage; Biogas.
DOI
10.21438/rbgas(2024)112724
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